Waterpipe tobacco smoking and cigarette equivalence.

or aspiration of frank pus requires drainage of pleural cavity, we wish to point out that, in the majority of cases, this can be done safely by ‘specialist teams’withinworkinghoursanddoesnot require urgent out-of-hours chest drain insertions.3 3. The National Patient Safety Agency 2008 rapid response entitled Risk of chest drain insertion highlights the potential and sometimes fatal complications from implantable cardioverter defibrillator insertion.4 The current practice in most hospitals is to insert chest drains for pleural effusions using real-time pleural ultrasound guidance during normal working hours.